Bursitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

What is Bursitis?

Bursitis is a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs called bursae that cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near your joints. When these bursae become inflamed, they cause discomfort and limit movement. Bursitis commonly occurs in the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees, but it can affect any joint in the body.

According to the Mayo Clinic, bursitis often results from repetitive motions or positions that put pressure on the bursae. While it can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-lasting), most cases improve with proper treatment and self-care.

Common Causes

Bursitis can develop for several reasons, including:

• Repetitive motions – Activities like throwing a ball, scrubbing floors, or playing an instrument can irritate the bursae.
• Prolonged pressure – Kneeling for long periods (e.g., gardening or carpet laying) can lead to bursitis in the knees.
• Trauma or injury – A sudden blow or fall can cause inflammation in the bursae.
• Overuse – Athletes or individuals who engage in excessive physical activity may develop bursitis.
• Infection – Rarely, bursitis can be caused by a bacterial infection (septic bursitis).
• Underlying conditions – Rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or diabetes can increase the risk of bursitis.
• Poor posture – Slouching or improper body mechanics can contribute to joint stress.
• Aging – As tendons age, they lose elasticity and become more prone to irritation.
• Obesity – Excess weight puts additional strain on joints, increasing the risk of bursitis.
• Bone spurs – Abnormal bone growths can irritate the bursae, leading to inflammation.

Associated Symptoms

Bursitis symptoms vary depending on the affected joint but often include:

• Pain – Aching or sharp pain, especially when moving the joint.
• Swelling – Visible or palpable swelling around the joint.
• Redness or warmth – The skin over the affected area may appear red or feel warm to the touch.
• Stiffness – Difficulty moving the joint, particularly after periods of inactivity.
• Tenderness – The area may be sensitive to pressure.
• Limited range of motion – Difficulty performing everyday tasks due to pain and stiffness.

In cases of septic bursitis (caused by infection), symptoms may also include fever, chills, and severe pain. This requires immediate medical attention.

When to See a Doctor

While mild bursitis can often be managed at home, you should consult a healthcare provider if:

• Pain persists for more than a week despite rest and self-care.
• Swelling, redness, or warmth worsens or spreads.
• You experience a fever, which may indicate an infection.
• Pain interferes with daily activities or sleep.
• You notice a lump or unusual growth near the joint.
• Symptoms recur frequently.

Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and promote faster healing.

Diagnosis

Doctors typically diagnose bursitis through a combination of:

• Medical history – Discussing symptoms, activities, and past injuries.
• Physical examination – Checking for tenderness, swelling, and range of motion.
• Imaging tests – X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound may be used to rule out other conditions like fractures or arthritis.
• Lab tests – If infection is suspected, fluid from the bursa may be analyzed (aspiration).

The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) notes that accurate diagnosis is key to effective treatment.

Treatment Options

Medical Treatments

• Medications – Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen can reduce pain and inflammation.
• Corticosteroid injections – For severe cases, a doctor may inject a steroid medication into the bursa to reduce inflammation.
• Antibiotics – If bursitis is caused by an infection, antibiotics will be prescribed.
• Physical therapy – Exercises to strengthen muscles and improve joint function.
• Assistive devices – Using a cane, brace, or splint to reduce pressure on the joint.

Home Remedies

• Rest – Avoid activities that worsen symptoms.
• Ice therapy – Apply ice packs for 15-20 minutes, 3-4 times a day, to reduce swelling.
• Compression – Use an elastic bandage to minimize swelling.
• Elevation – Keep the affected joint raised above heart level when possible.
• Over-the-counter pain relievers – Acetaminophen or NSAIDs can help manage discomfort.

Prevention Tips

To reduce the risk of bursitis:

• Take breaks – Avoid repetitive motions for extended periods.
• Use proper technique – Maintain good posture and body mechanics during physical activities.
• Strengthen muscles – Regular exercise can support joints and reduce strain.
• Warm up and stretch – Prepare muscles and joints before physical activity.
• Use protective gear – Knee pads or cushions can prevent pressure-related bursitis.
• Maintain a healthy weight – Reducing excess weight lessens stress on joints.

Emergency Warning Signs

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Severe pain that prevents movement.
• High fever (over 101°F or 38.3°C) with chills.
• Rapid swelling, redness, or warmth that spreads quickly.
• Signs of infection, such as pus or foul-smelling drainage.
• Sudden inability to move the joint.

These symptoms may indicate a serious infection or other medical emergency requiring prompt treatment.

Sources: Mayo Clinic, CDC, NIAMS, Cleveland Clinic